Elements of the Carnivalesque: the Shadow Puppet Theatre of Andhra Pradesh

Authors

  • Aruna Bommareddi Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi, India Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.37130/w71yrj57

Keywords:

shadow puppetry, folk humour, elements of the carnivalesque, street performances, Sundarakanda

Abstract

This paper presents the study of folk humour in the shadow puppetry tradition of Andhra Pradesh, India. The article is based on the recording of a shadow puppet show of the Sundarakanda of the Telugu Ranganatha Ramayanamu. It explores the carnivalesque environment that folk humour brings to the epic theme of the Ramayana and studies the grammar of shadow puppetry, which localises classical themes like the Ramayana in an entirely unsophisticated and uncouth carnivalesque environment. This, indeed, is the credit of such street performances like the shadow puppet theatre, which release these classical themes from their pious setting.

Author Biography

  • Aruna Bommareddi, Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi, India

    Aruna Bommareddi currently teaches at the Indian Institute of Technology, in Mandi, India. Her research interests include Indian Literatures in English and Performative Traditions of Andhra Pradesh. She has published a book titled Narrative Traditions of a Telugu Epic: Palnati Virula Katha in 2021 from IIAS, Shimla. She is currently working with the puppeteers of Nimmalakunta in order to develop her manuscript on the Shadow Puppet Theatre of Andhra Pradesh.

References

Beeman, W.O. (2011) Iranian Performance Traditions, California: Mazda Publishers.

Betha, G.P. (2018) Painted Shadow Puppets. A Study in the Character Design of the Puppets of Nimmalakunta and Madhavapatnam of Andhra Pradesh. Vizag: Andhra University.

Bakhtin, M. (1984) Rebelais and His World. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Bakhtin, M. (1984) Problems of Dostoevsky’s Poetics. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5749/j.ctt22727z1

Bharata (1996) The Nāṭyaśāstra (Trans. A. Rangacharya). Motilal Banarsidass.

Budhareddi, G. (1949) Ranganatha Ramayanamu. Kadapa: Rayalu and Co Publishers. 7. Chattopadhyay, K. (1995, first edition 1975) Handicraft of India. New Delhi: ICCR and New Age International Publishers.

Contractor, M. (2001) Creative Drama and Puppetry in Education. New Delhi: National Book Trust.

Coomaraswamy, A.K. (1929) “Picture Showmen”, in Indian History Quarterly, N.N. Law (eds.) New Delhi: Caxton Publications (June).

Coomaraswamy, A.K. (1956) Christian and Oriental Philosophy of Art. New York: Dover Publications.

Coomaraswamy, A.K. (1980) The Sacred and the Secular in India’s Performing Arts. New Delhi: Ashish Publishing House.

Dixit, A. (2022) Tholubommalata: Story of Nimmalakunta. Bengaluru: NIFT.

Epskamp, K. (2006) Theatre for Development: An Introduction to Context, Application and Training. London: Zed Books. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350254190

Geetha, N.K. (2019) Krīdanīyakam. Ernakulam: CIFSS.

Rebelais, Fr. (1952) Gargantua and Pentagruel. Vol I-V. London: William Benton.

Renjitha V.R. (2013) «Folk Tradition of Sanskrit Theatre: A Study of “Kutiyattam» in Medieval Kerala». Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, 2013, Vol. 74, pp. 313-322.

Sharma, N. (1985) Tolu Bommalata. The Shadow Puppet Theatre of Andhra Pradesh. New Delhi: Sangeet Natak Akademi.

Shastri, V. (2004) Humour in Ancient India. Varanasi: Vayoga Publications.

Singh, S. (1999). “If Gandhi Could Fly...: Dilemmas and Directions in Shadow Puppetry of India”. Puppets, Masks, and Performing Objects in TDR (1988-), 43(3), pp. 154–168. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1146774 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/105420499760347388

Sorensen, N.R. (1975) “Tolu Bommalu Kattu: Shadow Theatre of Andhra Pradesh.” Journal of South Asian Literature 10 (2/4), pp. 1-19. New Delhi: Sangeet Natak Akademi. https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.22672

Tilakasiri, J. (1970) The Puppet Theatre of Asia. Colombo: Department of Cultural Affairs. https://nla.gov.au/nla.cat-vn1810099

Varadpande, M.L. (1992) History of Indian Theatre. 2nd vol.: Loka Ranga: Panorama of Indian Folk. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications.

Auterio, S. (2018) “Comedy Skits and Jester Puppets in Tholu Bommalata.” [Online] Available at: https://www.sahapedia.org/comedy-skits-and-jester-puppets-tholu-bommalata (Accessed at: 17 August 2025)

Pathi, N.R.I. (2022) “Folk Arts: Tolu Bommalata”, Andhra Cultural Portal, 7 February. [Online] Available at: https://andhraportal.org/folk-arts-tolu-bommalata/ (Accessed at: 13 November 2025)

Downloads

Published

2025-12-26

How to Cite

Bommareddi, A. (2025). Elements of the Carnivalesque: the Shadow Puppet Theatre of Andhra Pradesh. CONCEPT, 31(2), 67-80. https://doi.org/10.37130/w71yrj57